Your Medical e-Magazine

Abdominoplasty surgery is a complex consisting of several stages, leading to the final fitting-out of the abdomen, waist and shape of the trunk of the body.

  Candidates [edit] The main candidates for this surgery are:

People with morbid obesity, that is, they had a large overweight, and that with the help of a specialized surgery or medical treatment achieved a massive loss of weight, which caused the skin around the trunk (abdomen and thorax) hang up your body’s providing a picture of themselves very unpleasant. In fact these patients are in solidarity of Dermolipectomy circular, as abdominoplasty is the repair of the deformities of the abdomen.
Women have had one or more pregnancies. In pregnancies extra skin is formed by the expansion that there is especially in the last three months in which the baby grows older and that after delivery is weak, and makes seeing the bulgy abdomen; this expansion of the skin of the abdomen also creates the appearance streaks. It is desirable that women candidates for this surgery is not pregnant again and used a contraceptive method. However, if pregnant again, this might end, although the deformity may recur.

  Intervention

The intervention is carried out under general or regional anesthesia and consists of five primary steps:

Dermolipectomy, which involves removing the entire skin of the abdomen and excess fat, the so-called abdominal apron.
The abdominal wall is reconstructed through the use of sutures to join the straight muscles of the abdomen, in which pregnancies are separated forming a hernia (DIASTASIS of straight), which is why in every pregnancy can defuse the abdomen.
Skin closure: suturing of the flap of skin that was formed.
Repositioning of the navel - called neoumbilicoplastia
Finally, if necessary, liposuction of the flanks and hips, with which it is reshaping the contours of the body or the patient.
Admission is usually 24 or 48 hours and full recovery requires four to six weeks, but it is advisable not to make great efforts during the first three months. The intervention is contraindicated in smokers, since there is a substantial risk of skin flap necrosis andominal.

Cancer may seem beyond your control. But not all cancers are.

Avoiding smoking reduces your risk of lung cancer. Shielding yourself from the sun lowers your chance for skin cancer. And based on National Cancer Institute (NCI) estimates, eating a healthful diet may prevent as many as one-third of all cancer deaths.

Diet’s relationship to cancer is complicated and involves interpretation of many different and often conflicting studies. Although the evidence isn’t solid, an increasing amount of information supports eating more of some foods and less of others to reduce your risk.

The big picture

Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells.

As many as 500,000 Americans die from cancer each year, making it the second leading cause of death in the United States after cardiovascular disease.

The specific causes of most cancers aren’t known. Research suggests your genetic makeup predisposes you to some cancers. However, most cancers likely develop from a complex interplay of diet, lifestyle and environmental factors.

 Lung, breast, prostate and colon and rectal cancers account for more than half of all cancer deaths. Diet may be involved in some aspects of these plus other less common cancers. Here’s what the evidence suggests:

• Fat–Dietary fats may promote cancer by stimulating abnormal cell division. Some fats are susceptible to production of free radicals, toxic molecules that damage cells. If free radical damage overwhelms your body’s natural defenses, damage may contribute to aging and certain diseases such as cancer.

The evidence appears to be stronger for a connection between dietary fat and colon cancer than other cancers. In most studies, the specific food most strongly associated with increased risk of colon cancer was red meat (beef, pork or lamb). Red meat is a major source of fat in the American diet. Evidence for fat’s role in other cancers, including prostate and breast, is inconsistent. Excess calories from fat can also lead to obesity. Being overweight is linked with an increased risk of cancers of the endometrium (lining of the uterus), colon and rectum and, possibly, breast.

• Alcohol–Two or more alcoholic drinks a day can raise your risk for cancers of the mouth, throat, esophagus and liver. Alcohol may also increase your risk of breast cancer. But some researchers believe other factors in the lifestyles of women who drink alcohol may be responsible for the association.

Whether alcohol directly causes cancer or promotes tumor growth by other cancer-causing substances is uncertain. Alcohol abuse may also indirectly lead to cancer by causing nutrient deficiencies.

• Fiber–The role fiber may play in cancer, particularly colon cancer, is not well understood.

Fiber increases the movement of digested food through your intestines. This may reduce the amount of time your colon is exposed to cancer-promoting substances formed during digestion. Yet it’s not clear whether fiber alone may protect against cancer. Diets high in fiber also tend to be low in fat and high in other nutrients. These characteristics may enhance protection.

• Fruits and vegetables–They offer the strongest and most consistent evidence for diet’s role in reducing your risk for most cancers.

Nutrients, fiber and other chemicals contained in fruits and vegetables may work together. Antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E and beta carotene, may help block cell damage caused by free radicals. The B vitamin folic acid may inhibit transformation of normal cells into malignant cells and strengthen your immune system. Fruits and vegetables also contain virtually no fat and most contain fiber. NCI is looking at whether fiber in fruits and vegetables can prevent the development of pre-cancerous growths (polyps) on the inside wall of the colon. In addition to nutrients and fiber, fruits, vegetables and grains contain phytochemicals, naturally occurring plant chemicals. In this newest and most promising area of research, phytochemicals appear to prevent some cancers and inhibit spread of malignant cells.

How to reduce your risk

More than 20 studies are testing a variety of substances that may protect against cancer, including vitamins C and E and beta carotene. Researchers also hope to learn more about how specific phytochemicals may inhibit cancer development.

 Until these studies are completed, eating a diet that’s low in fat and high in plant foods is the best you can do to reduce your risk of some cancers:

• Eat at least five servings of fruits and vegetables daily–Emphasize citrus fruits for vitamin C and deep-yellow and dark-green vegetables for beta carotene. Turnip greens provide folic acid. Cruciferous vegetables such as Brussels sprouts, broccoli and cabbage contain a variety of substances that may protect against cancer.

One serving is one-half cup of fruit, three-quarters cup juice, one-half cup cooked vegetable, one cup leafy vegetable or one-quarter cup dried fruit.

• Eat plenty of high-fiber foods–Aim for 20 to 30 grams of fiber daily. Fruits and vegetables, especially legumes such as peas, beans and lentils, contain up to four grams of fiber in one-half cup.
• Reduce fat–Limit all types of fat to less than 65 grams daily, based on a 2,000-calorie diet.
• Limit alcohol–If you drink alcohol, limit daily amounts to no more than three ounces of 80-proof liquor, eight ounces of wine or 24 ounces of beer.
• Maintain a healthy weight–In addition to eating a low-fat, high-fiber diet, exercise regularly.
• Choose a variety of foods–No one food offers all the nutrients you need. Foods provide a unique balance of nutrients that can’t be duplicated by supplements.

People commonly blame low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) between meals for a cluster of complaints–light-headedness, cold sweats, shakiness, headache and irritability.   

But true hypoglycemia, in which blood sugar levels approach 40 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dl), typically occurs only in people with diabetes or pancreatic disease. Why, then, do some healthy people have similar, yet less severe, symptoms after eating–despite blood sugar levels that remain within the normal range (60 to 110 mg/dl)?  

 A study suggests caffeine may be involved. Eight people consumed caffeine in an amount equal to two to three cups of drip-brewed coffee (400 milligrams). They then described “feeling hypoglycemic” at low, but still normal, blood sugar levels about an hour later.   Caffeine may increase your brain’s need for sugar (glucose). Caffeine also decreases the sugar available to your brain by reducing blood flow. Your brain, in turn, interprets the “demand” as an abnormal drop in blood sugar level and triggers symptoms.   

More research is needed. But if you feel “hypoglycemic” after drinking lots of coffee or cola, try cutting back.

ECONOMIC…

HUMANISTIC…

PHYSIOLOGICAL..

From a physiological standpoint, asthma is a complex disease that cannot be cured. In most cases, however, with patient cooperation and diligent effort, it can be effectively managed - even in more severe cases - allowing the asthmatic individual to lead a relatively normal existence.   During an asthma episode, the air tubes in the lungs (bronchi and bronchioles) which lead to air sacs (alveoli) become obstructed. As airways constrict, breathing becomes more labored, and the patient will often cough or wheeze.   These attacks vary in length and interval between episodes. A single episode can be over in minutes, or go on for hours or even days. In between asthma flares the patient may be totally symptom free. Other patients may have slight symptoms manifested as chest tightness or a hacking cough. A test called spirometry measures lung function, and often provides meaningful clues in the diagnosis or assessment of asthma.   Most asthmatics are also allergic, and asthma attacks are often triggered by an allergic reaction. Some asthma patients do not have significant allergies, and even in allergic patients asthma flareups can be provoked by non-allergic irritants such as common colds, chemical fumes and cigarette smoke. Cold air and exercise can also induce symptoms.   

TRIPLE THREAT

 During an attack the lining of the bronchiole becomes inflamed. The inflammatory response causes fluid and cells to collect; the engorged lining tissue then swells, contributing to the blockage of the bronchiole.   At the same time, tiny muscles that wrap around the outside of the air tubes become “twitchy.” In an involuntary and reflexive reaction the muscles constrict, further decreasing the diameter of the airway within.   Mucus is normally present in the bronchioles to lubricate these passages. During asthma attacks, increased mucus production further adds to the obstruction of the airway. Often these mucus plugs are difficult to clear, and if they are allowed to linger afterward they can provide an opportunity for infection to set in.   Asthma is a reversible condition, as opposed to a progressive disease of the lung such as emphysema. Sometimes asthma is reversed through the use of medication, other times the reversal is spontaneous. By its nature, asthma is a chronic, and long-term, illness that must be managed carefully to prevent unexpected and severe attacks.   

“CONTROL” IS THE KEY

 In an uncontrolled, severe asthma attack, the combination of these three factors - inflammation, muscular constriction, and mucus plugs - results in critical airway blockage. The lungs can become overinflated, due to the patient’s inability to exhale normally.   

 A relatively common dermatitis that occurs in the winter and in the elderly on the legs, arms, and hands and is characterized by dry, cracked, fissured skin and pruritus. Predisposing factors include old age; a genetic tendency for dry skin; too frequent bathing in hot, soapy baths or showers; and dry, nonhumidified heated rooms. Treatment includes

(1) avoidance of overbathing with soap,

(2) room humidifiers,

(3) tepid water baths using bath oils with liberal application of emollients after drying,

(4) medium-potency corticosteroids applied BID until eczama clears, and

(5) topical alpha-hydroxy acids (such as glycolic acid or lactic acid).

Mydriasis characterizes an increase in pupil diameter, as opposed to the miosis.

Mydriasis is a normal reaction to the darkness. It is in this case bilateral and reactive (lighting in one eye results in the loss of mydriasis in both eyes). This reaction (and its opposite) requires the integrity of a circuit including:

The retina,
The optic nerve,
The cerebral areas of vision,
The pupil.
We can achieve a mydriasis by instillation of artificial eye ß2-agonists in the eye. This is used for some eye examinations (such as observing the back of the eye).

The areactive symmetrical mydriasis (both pupils are dilated and does not constrict in the light) is a sign of suffering brain important as it may be as a result of a cardio-respiratory arrest, but also in some comas Origin diverse. In argot of emergency medicine, we talk of a patient in “full headlights.”

Unilateral Mydriasis (one eye), is characterized by anisocoria. It may indicate a violation of any part of the circuit described above and may be indicative of a serious illness (compression by a tumor, intra-cerebral hematoma …). One expert advice is needed.
The observation wards and testing reflexes pupillaires form part of the evaluation of the patient’s neurological status.

Fungal keratitis is infection of the cornea of the eye caused by fungi. They are generally confused by bacterial infections and it is common that the infection reaches the ophthalmologist in poor condition, which puts them at very high risk of losing the eye.

  Risk factors

 Fungal keratitis most often occurs because the fungi that infect the eye are usually non-pathogenic, traumatic certain factors must be present to establish the body in the eye: – Farmers
– Construction workers
– Improper use of contact lenses
– Accidental eye injury
– Humidity, dust, high temperatures and wind

 Depending on the severity of infection, patients can be photophobia, pain, foreign body sensation in the eye with pus and redness of the cornea. Next, there is an ulcer in which one can observe concentric lines that correspond with the fungal filaments. The untreated progression of a corneal ulcer can be explosive for the eye.

  Diagnosis

 Fungal keratitis Treatment depends on the correct diagnosis, which in turn is based on a combination of clinical history, based on direct microscopic examination and the cultivation of corneal material taken from the affected area or ulcer exist. Because of the small amount of material available is imperative that the sample be valued in the movement and handling prior to the laboratory examination. These fungi are isolated easily in almost every way mycologycal common, particularly of Sabouraud dextrose without cicloheximidina.

  Species

 Fungal keratitis occurs most often by fungus eye infections the following agencies, which are usually saprophytes soil:

• Gender Aspergillus
  
• Gender Fusarium
  
• Gender Penicillium

Xeroftalmia or dry eye is a disease characterized by the production of tears and not by problems of vision, especially at night. It is a avitaminose caused by lack of vitamin A. Vitamin A is a vitamin liposoluble, that is, which dissolves well in oils.

Aniridia is a rare disease that is the congenital absence of the iris of the eye. It can affect one eye, but it is more frequent that affects both. It is often accompanied by other disorders as: cataracts, glaucoma, and strabismus, among others. It can also exist in parallel with other systemic changes related to the kidneys and with mental retardation.   It is a congenital and hereditary disease. It is shown as 50% of the descendants of an autosomal dominant form.   It is a result of the deletion of the gene PAX 6, located on chromosome 11, p13, causing lack of development in the eyeball

Most Americans eat much more protein than they need, so a diet that includes even moderate amounts of meat, dairy, or eggs will probably contain ample protein. It’s also possible to get adequate protein from a diet of strictly plant foods. Unlike animal proteins, however, plant proteins are “incomplete” — low in one or more of nine essential amino acids, the building blocks of protein. So for years it was believed that the only way for a total vegetarian to get enough “complete” protein was to eat specific combinations of vegetables and grains (such as beans and rice) at the same meal.  

 New research shows that this painstaking combining is unnecessary. Eating a variety of plant-based foods throughout the day will provide all the protein that’s needed. Soy foods (including burgers and franks made from soybeans) are excellent protein sources, as are legumes (dried beans, peas, and lentils), seeds, nuts, and nut butters. Vegans should eat at least two servings of these foods daily. Grains, vegetables, and fruits also contribute small but significant amounts of protein